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To determine the rate of heat transfer between a hot and cold zone, for example to consider how an air conditioning system works, an engineer creates a system boundary, and defines the conditions that hold true in their calculations at the system boundary. Drawing a system boundary makes a given thermodynamic problem solvable. For a government policy decision, system boundaries are more subjective and are chosen at the policymakers’ discretion. So how do they choose? ...

On 25 July 2026, a van was driven into the crowd at Berlin’s Christopher Street Day, one woman was killed and many more were injured in a terrorist attack. Nothing in this post is meant to diminish that loss, or the very real danger the queer community still faces. It is a terrible tragedy and I am sad this happened in a city I call home. This post is about how social media has encouraged us to be less political and weakened the messaging around the event, not about the attack itself. ...